1991-2017年叶尔羌河流域冰川景观格局时空演变

冰川景观变化是全球环境和气候变化的共同"指示器"。随着全球气候变化加剧，干旱和半干旱地区的冰川景观将进一步变化。科学评估冰川景观格局时空演变特征，为应对冰川景观变化及其影响提供科学参考。基于1991-2017年Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像，采用监督分类方法获取叶尔羌河流域冰川景观时空格局及变化数据，利用景观格局指数、质心迁移模型、分形维数等方法分析近26年叶尔羌河流域冰川景观格局时空演变特征。结果表明：（1）1991-2017年叶尔羌河流域冰川斑块面积呈消减趋势，但有所减缓，共减少799.50 km²（-13.09%）。冰川斑块面积消减主要集中在海拔5400-5800 m之间，相较之下，海拔4400 m以下的区域冰川斑块面积消减率最高，达63.68%；不同坡度冰川景观消减率存在差异，陡坡冰川斑块面积消减率最高（15.98%），急陡坡消减率最低（2.87%）；阴阳两坡冰川景观均呈消减趋势，阳坡冰川斑块面积消减速率显著高于阴坡。（2）近26年来，叶尔羌河流域冰川斑块数量、最大斑块指数均减小，而平均形状指数、平均周长面积比、分裂指数均增加，表明冰川景观不断消减，破碎化程度增加。（3）研究期间，叶尔羌河流域冰川景观质心发生迁移，整体呈现东北偏移趋势。（4）通过分形理论对叶尔羌河流域冰川景观空间结构特征进行分析表明，该流域冰川景观消减率略微降低，但仍然处于持续消融状态。     

Wood preservation hygiene and environment in the lime-light of actually

Summary Under the ?Bois plus? scheme, the CTBA is currently developing a third party certification, based on the Scrivener law, with the aim of defending the consumers' interests. At this early stage, wood preservatives and treated wood are checked for the efficacy of treatments in order to ensure the stability and security of works in buildings and civil engineering. According to the different classes of risks in service, ?Bois plus? provides the most adeguate level of protection. In the close future, the industry is planning to incorporate, with the help of the CTBA and experts, health criteria within the frame of the ?Bois plus? certification scheme. The means could beSafety indexes, which are objectives of quality for professionals.Safety indexes are concentrations of substances in wood which can be taken as safe for humans and the general environment, while still toxic for the wood pests. This attractive experience aims to make with the brandname ?Bois plus? a synonym of efficacy and safety. This approach meets the essential requirements 1, 3, 4 of the 89/106 EEC directive: mechanical resistance and stability/hygiene, health and environment/safety in use.     

阿拉善高原2种荒漠植物根系构型及生态适应性特征

根系构型决定了植物对资源的吸收方式，根系构型的变化是植物对环境的生态适应和有效生存策略。在阿拉善高原西南缘红砂（Reaumuria soongarica）-珍珠猪毛菜（Salsola passerina）混生群落采用传统挖掘法收集两种植物根系，基于量化的根系形态指标，利用几何拓扑学及分形理论分析了根系构型特征，探讨了该地区2种植物对干旱生境的生态适应策略。结果表明：红砂和珍珠猪毛菜根系均以水平分布占优，根系浅层化分布明显，混生的两种植物占据不同的生态位；2种荒漠植物均具有较大的比根长（SRL）和比表面积（SRA），红砂SRL=21.3 cm/g，SRA=7.6 cm²/g，珍珠SRL=22.4 cm/g，SRA=6.5 cm²/g，有利于水分和养分的获取；红砂根系拓扑指数（TI）、修正拓扑参数（q_a和q_b）分别为0.86、0.52、0.49，珍珠猪毛菜对应参数分别为0.93、0.76、0.73，表明2种植物根系均趋向于鱼尾形分支结构；根系分形维数值（FD_红=1.488、FD_珍=1.422）较小，而分形丰度值（lgK_红=1.855、lgK_珍=1.774）较大，表明2种植物分支相对简单，但空间拓展能力强，有利于对营养空间的占有。上述特征可能是阿拉善西南缘红砂-珍珠猪毛菜群落2种荒漠植物植物对干旱贫瘠生境的重要生态适应策略。     

An empirical assessment of human development through remote sensing: Evidences from Italy

The Human Development Index (HDI) based on life expectancy, education and per-capita income, is one of the most used indicators of human development. However, undeniable problems in data collection limit between-countries comparisons reducing the practical applicability of the HDI in official statistics. Elvidge et al. (2012) proposed an alternative index of human development (the so called Night Light Development Index, NLDI) derived from nighttime satellite imagery and population density, with improved comparability over time and space. The NLDI assesses inequality in the spatial distribution of night light among resident inhabitants and has proven to correlate with the HDI at the country scale. However, the NLDI presents some drawbacks, since similar NLDI values may indicate very different levels of human development. A modified NLDI overcoming such a drawback is proposed and applied to assessment of human development at 3 spatial scales (the entire country, 5 geographical divisions and 20 administrative regions) in Italy, a country with relevant territorial disparities in various socioeconomic dimensions. The original and modified NLDI were correlated with 5 independent indicators of economic growth, sustainable development and environmental quality. The spatial distribution of the original and modified NLDI is not coherent with the level of human development in Italy being indeed associated with various indexes of environmental quality. Further investigation is required to identify in which socioeconomic context (and at which spatial scale) the NDLI approach correctly estimates the level of human development in affluent countries.     

Challenges in calculation of the gamma index in radiotherapy – Towards good practice

The gamma index (γ) is one of the most commonly used metrics for the verification of complex modulated radiotherapy. The mathematical definition of the γ is computationally expensive and various techniques have been reported to speed up the calculation either by mathematically refining the γ or employing various computational techniques. These techniques can cause variation in output with different software implementations. The γ has traditionally been used to compare a 2D measured plane against a 2D or 3D dose distribution. Recently, software algorithm and hardware improvements have led to the possibility of using measured 2D data from commercial detector arrays to reconstruct a 3D-dose distribution and perform a volumetric comparison against the treatment planning system (TPS). A limitation in this approach is that commercial detector arrays have so far been limited by their spatial resolution which may affect the accuracy of the reconstructed 3D volume and subsequently the γ calculation. Additionally, 3D versus 3D γ comparison adds a layer of complication in the calculation of the γ given the increase in the number of calculation points and the result cannot be as easily interpreted in the same way as 2D comparison. This review summarises and highlights the computational challenges of the γ calculation and sheds light on some of these issues by means of a bespoke MATLAB software to demonstrate the impact of interpolation, γ search distance, resolution and 2D and 3D calculations. Finally, a recommendation is made on the minimum information that should be reported when publishing γ results.     

Inclusion of phytosociological data in an index of vegetation fire danger: application and mapping on the Karst area around Trieste (Italy)

In this paper we propose a method to produce maps of fire danger index (FDI). The index includes in the formula a vegetation pyrogenic potential index (VPPI) based on floristic phytosociological data. The map of FDI is produced by integrating available phytosociological maps of vegetation, geomorphology and climate, using the Geographic Information System technology. The method is applied to an area of the coastal Classical Karst (NE-Italy). While fire risk maps based on the incidence of previous fires are useful for facilitating emergency operations, e.g. the allocation of fire fighting resources, we conclude that the proposed index offers an effective tool to plan actions for fire prevention.     

喀斯特地区农村劳动力转移对生态恢复的影响及其区域差异——基于酉阳和沿河的农户调查数据

喀斯特地区的生态恢复对于促进国土空间的生态修复、实现区域生态安全具有重要意义。基于酉阳县和沿河县的383份农户调查数据，从微观的农户尺度运用Tobit模型分析喀斯特地区农村劳动力转移对生态恢复的影响，并关注其对酉阳县和沿河县生态恢复的影响差异。研究结果表明：①研究区劳动力转移现象明显，47.67%的农村劳动力发生了转移；②研究区生态恢复情况总体较好，酉阳县的生态恢复好于沿河县；③农村劳动力转移通过农业劳动力的流失效应和非农收入的替代效应促进了喀斯特地区的生态恢复；④劳动力转移的程度不同，对生态恢复的作用强度也不同。沿河相对滞后的劳动力转移程度，使得其生态恢复稍弱于酉阳。为促进喀斯特地区生态恢复，政府应有序引导农村劳动力向非农就业转移，提高转移农户的非农化程度。     

An Ecosystem Health Index for a large and variable river basin: Methodology,challenges and continuous improvement in Queensland’s Fitzroy Basin

Report cards are an increasingly popular method for summarising and communicating relative environmental performance and ecosystem health, including in aquatic environments. They are usually underpinned by an Ecosystem Health Index (EHI) that combines various individual indicators to produce an overall ecosystem health “score”. As a result of public water quality concerns, an integrated means of monitoring and reporting on aquatic ecosystem health was needed for the Fitzroy Basin in central Queensland, Australia. The Fitzroy Partnership for River Health was formed to address this need, and developed an EHI and report card for the Basin using existing monitoring data collected from various third parties including regulated companies operations and government. At 142,000 square kilometres, the Fitzroy Basin is the largest catchment draining to the World Heritage Listed Great Barrier Reef. The Fitzroy Basin provides an example of how to deliver an effective aquatic ecosystem health reporting system in a large and complex river basin. We describe the methodology used to develop an adaptive EHI for the Fitzroy Basin that addresses variability, complexity and scale issues associated with reporting across large areas. As well, we report how to manage the design and reporting stages given limitations in data collection and scientific understanding.     

Association between misalignment of circadian rhythm and obesity in Korean men: Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

ABSTRACT

Background: The disruption of circadian rhythm has been found to associate with obesity in vivo and in vitro. Sleep duration, eating habits, total feeding time, and nightshift work can also affect circadian rhythms. This study investigated the association between misalignment of circadian rhythm and obesity in Korean men, using a cross-sectional database.

Methods: This study used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), whose study population was 3,658 men aged 18 to 60 years. General and abdominal obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m² and waist circumference ≥ 90 cm, respectively. Circadian rhythm factors were determined with a self-report questionnaire and included breakfast frequency, sleep duration, and work time. Frequency of breakfast was divided into regular breakfast (five to seven times a week) and irregular breakfast (less than five times a week). Sleep duration was divided into less than 7 hours, 7–9 hours, and over 9 hours. Working time was defined as day/evening, night shift, and other type. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for general and abdominal obesity were calculated using multivariable logistic regression according to the number of factors that disturb the circadian rhythm.

Results: Participants with 1 (aOR 1.34, 95% Cl 1.10–1.61) and ≥2 (aOR 1.62, 95% Cl 1.29–2.05) factors disturbing circadian rhythms were associated with elevated risk for general obesity. Similarly, those with 1 (aOR 1.33, 95% Cl 1.09–1.63) and ≥2 (aOR 1.70, 95% Cl 1.32–2.20) factors had elevated risk for abdominal obesity.

Conclusions: Factors disturbing the circadian rhythm were associated with general and abdominal obesity. Additional studies are needed, and associations with metabolic diseases should be investigated.